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近畿","2026-11-08",{"type":545,"value":546,"toc":625},"minimark",[547,551,555,558,561,564,568,571,574,577,580,583,586,589,592,595,598,601,604,607,610,613,616,619,622],[548,549,550],"h2",{"id":550},"概要",[552,553,554],"p",{},"大坂城は、摂津国東成郡の上町台地の先（今の大阪市中央区）にあった城で、大阪城とも書きます。石山本願寺の跡に豊臣秀吉が築き、豊臣家の本拠となりました。北は淀川が流れる天然の堀で、川をさかのぼれば京都にも通じる、守りと交通の両方に優れた場所です。",[552,556,557],{},"豊臣家の城は大坂の陣で落ち、その後、徳川秀忠が9年をかけて造り直しました。今、地上で見られる石垣・堀・櫓は徳川時代のもので、秀吉の城は地中に埋まっています。",[552,559,560],{},"幕末に城の建物の多くが焼け、明治からは陸軍の土地になりました。今の天守は昭和6年（1931年）に市民の寄付で建てられたもので、博物館「大阪城天守閣」になっています。城跡は国の特別史跡で、大手門や千貫櫓など13棟が国の重要文化財です。",[548,562,563],{"id":563},"歴史",[565,566,567],"h3",{"id":567},"石山本願寺の跡",[552,569,570],{},"戦国時代の終わりごろ、この地には石山本願寺がありました。天正8年（1580年）、石山合戦の講和の直後に本願寺は焼けてしまいます。『信長公記』によると、織田信長はこの土地を高く買っていて、跡地にさらに大きな城を築くつもりでした。",[552,572,573],{},"石山合戦の後は、丹羽長秀と津田信澄がこの地を守りました。「千貫矢倉」などの建物もあったことから、長く軍勢を置けるだけの備えがあったと考えられています。本能寺の変の後、信澄は織田信孝・丹羽長秀らに討たれ、山崎の戦いの後は池田恒興が入りました。",[565,575,576],{"id":576},"豊臣秀吉の築城",[552,578,579],{},"天正11年（1583年）、賤ヶ岳の戦いに勝った羽柴秀吉は、池田恒興を美濃へ移して大坂を手に入れ、ここを居城と決めました。この年から築城を始め、加藤清正・片桐且元・細川忠興を小豆島へ送って石を切り出させています。縄張りを受け持ったのは黒田孝高で、本丸を中心に曲輪を幾重にも重ね、内堀と外堀を巡らせました。",[552,581,582],{},"工事は4期に分かれ、天正13年（1585年）までに本丸、天正16年（1588年）までに二の丸、文禄3年（1594年）から5年にかけて総構（三の丸）、慶長3年（1598年）に馬出曲輪と大名屋敷が整えられました。天守は天正13年にでき、5階には黄金の茶室があったといわれます。文禄5年（1596年）には明の使者をもてなすため、本丸の御殿に「千畳敷」と呼ばれる大きな建物も加わりました。",[552,584,585],{},"もっとも、秀吉は関白になると京都に聚楽第を、関白を退いてからは伏見城を築き、晩年は伏見で政治をとりました。それでも諸大名の年賀の挨拶は、大坂城で受けるのが決まりでした。",[565,587,588],{"id":588},"大坂の陣",[552,590,591],{},"関ヶ原の戦いの後、豊臣家は摂津・河内・和泉の65万石あまりの大名になりましたが、豊臣秀頼は変わらず大坂城に住んでいました。城の弱みは、台地が続いていて大軍を並べられる南側でした。慶長19年（1614年）の大坂冬の陣では、真田信繁が玉造門の南に出城の真田丸を築き、この方面で激しい戦いになります。",[552,593,594],{},"冬の陣の講和では、惣構・三の丸・二の丸を壊すことが決まり、城は内堀と本丸だけになりました。2003年の発掘では、三の丸の堀が急いで埋められた跡も確かめられています。秀頼が堀を掘り直そうとしたことが講和を破ったとされ、翌慶長20年（1615年）の大坂夏の陣で城は落ち、豊臣家は滅びました。",[565,596,597],{"id":597},"徳川家の再築",[552,599,600],{},"落城の後、大坂は徳川家康の外孫・松平忠明に与えられ、忠明は町の立て直しに当たりました。元和5年（1619年）に忠明が大和郡山へ移ると、大坂は幕府の直轄地となります。",[552,602,603],{},"翌元和6年（1620年）、2代将軍の徳川秀忠は豊臣の色を消すための再築に取りかかりました。藤堂高虎を総責任者に、西国の大名を中心に延べ160を超える大名を動員して、寛永6年（1629年）に完成しています。城の広さは豊臣時代の4分の1になりましたが、幅が最大90メートルほどの外堀を巡らせ、天守は豊臣の天守よりも高く大きく造られました。三重櫓は12基と、日本の城でいちばん多く、本丸東側の石垣は堀の底から32メートルほどの高さがあります。石垣には瀬戸内海の島々や六甲山などの石が使われ、廃城になった伏見城の石も運ばれました。",[552,605,606],{},"城主は将軍自身で、譜代大名から選ばれる大坂城代が城を預かり、西日本を治める拠点となりました。徳川家の天守は寛文5年（1665年）に雷で焼け、次に天守が建つのは昭和に入ってからです。",[565,608,609],{"id":609},"幕末と近代",[552,611,612],{},"慶応4年（1868年）1月、鳥羽・伏見の戦いで旧幕府軍の敗色が濃くなると、前将軍の徳川慶喜は大坂城を抜け出して江戸へ戻りました。新政府軍に城を引き渡した日に本丸御殿の台所から火が出て、御殿や櫓、門など城の建物のほとんどが焼けています。",[552,614,615],{},"明治に入ると城の中は陸軍の土地となり、東側には兵器を造る大阪砲兵工廠が置かれました。昭和3年（1928年）、大阪市長の關一が天守の再建を含む公園の整備を提案し、集まった市民の寄付150万円で天守と陸軍の第4師団司令部の庁舎が建てられます。昭和20年（1945年）8月14日の空襲では、それまで残っていた櫓や門の一部が焼けましたが、天守は壊れずに残りました。",[565,617,618],{"id":618},"今の大坂城",[552,620,621],{},"今の天守は、徳川時代の天守台の上に鉄骨鉄筋コンクリートで建てられたもので、昭和以降に各地で建てられた復興天守の第1号です。下の4層は徳川時代風の白壁、最上層は豊臣時代風の黒い壁に金の虎や鶴をあしらっています。平成の大改修で建てたときの姿に戻され、国の登録有形文化財になりました。",[552,623,624],{},"城の中には、大手門・千貫櫓・乾櫓・多聞櫓・焔硝蔵・金蔵などの江戸時代の建物が残り、国の重要文化財に指定されています。桜門の枡形には、重さ130トンほどとされる城内いちばんの巨石・蛸石があります。2025年には、地中に埋もれた豊臣時代の石垣を見せる「豊臣石垣館」が開館しました。",{"title":626,"searchDepth":56,"depth":56,"links":627},"",[628,629],{"id":550,"depth":56,"text":550},{"id":563,"depth":56,"text":563,"children":630},[631,632,633,634,635,636],{"id":567,"depth":89,"text":567},{"id":576,"depth":89,"text":576},{"id":588,"depth":89,"text":588},{"id":597,"depth":89,"text":597},{"id":609,"depth":89,"text":609},{"id":618,"depth":89,"text":618},[638,641],{"busho":93,"from":219,"to":167,"faction":639,"color":640},"織田家","#f2c38c",{"busho":93,"from":161,"to":380,"faction":642,"color":643},"豊臣家","#eadc8e",[645,657,668,679,689,699,710],{"id":646,"title":647,"type":648,"author":649,"translator":505,"publisher":650,"platform":505,"imageUrl":651,"amazonUrl":652,"rakutenUrl":653,"releaseDate":654,"relatedBusho":655,"relatedBattles":656},"products/products/000251_豊臣兄弟 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